Industrialisation and new intelligency.

With revival of commodity-money relations and immigration growth in the former capital among pitertsev the percent of so-called amateur persons increases. (Those who had an independent source of the income were called as "amateur", including: the grant, the grant, pension, etc. the unemployed, private traders, representatives of liberal professions also concerned this category). So in 1926 on each 100 amateur persons in Leningrad it is necessary 85 not amateur. Besides, inflow big quantity of men among visitors leads to the end of 1920th to restoration in Leningrad of balance between the floors, broken by war.
The first years of the NEW ECONOMIC POLICY were characterised by high unemployment. To narrow a circle going on the dole, the authorities have spent to 1923-1925 a series of cleanings of labour exchanges from "pseudo-unemployed" - all those who was not the professional worker or the expert. So in August, 1923 on Petrograd labour exchange (Kronverksky avenue, 49) "have cleaned" 47 000 persons - almost all 1/3 of unemployed. And in July, 1924 as a result of new cleaning the number of the unemployed registered in Leningrad was reduced with 170 000 to 13 000 persons.

Liberalisation accompanying the NEW ECONOMIC POLICY in many spheres of a life have forced some part of Petersburgers to believe in stability of market relations. (Were such which believed that the NEW ECONOMIC POLICY will lead in due course to restoration of a pre-October order). In a city again there are private shops, commercial restaurants, co-operative banks. It is quite often possible to meet shchegolski the dressed people - in a car or on carriers-lomovikah with a glamour drive about sovbury (the Soviet bourgeoisie) and nepmany.
Leningrad 1920 is full contrasts of a life: cheap raspivochnye and smart commercial restaurants on Neva; impudent speculators - kings of second-hand markets on the Bypass channel near to the spoilt cripples-beggars; the vagrant musicians playing for money in narrow court yard-wells and opuses proletkulta in working clubs; leather jackets against varnish shtiblet, etc.
The private sector prospers in trade (in 1923-1924 58 % of all retail trade in Leningrad it is supervised by private traders) and domestic manufacture. Tenancy to the private capital of the small enterprises, and also attraction of the foreign capital is resolved. The credit system (after a reconstruction in 1921 of the State Bank, industry and trade crediting for a commercial basis has begun) is revived. At the same time the sensation of temporariness and fragility of free business involved many adventurers and speculators in these kinds of activity.
One of the main employment providing independent existence in the NEW ECONOMIC POLICY, the domestic craft is. Being engaged in it, the handicraftsman had possibility to earn on bread, keeping autonomy from the state - to evade from socialism construction. (While in factory or other state collective it by all means appeared involved in a political life).

However not all wished to become economically independent. New townspeople from among migrants, for various reasons, opposite, aspired to be integrated into the Soviet system as soon as possible. Among visitors a considerable part made so-called lishentsy. (This term has appeared with the constitution of 1918 which item 65 deprived of the suffrage "exploiters, churchmen"). Gradually together with selective at lishentsev began to select, etc. the civil rights. To survive in a province it became extremely difficult - lishentsev did not take for work, did not register on labour exchange, did not pay the unemployment benefit, to their families refused medical aid, children lishentsev excluded from schools and did not accept in high schools. Thereof many have directed in big cities (basically to Moscow and Leningrad) where was more chances to hide "the soiled" social past.
In 1928 within the limits of the first five years' plan (1928-1932) the USSR heads for the forced industrialisation (to the detriment of agriculture) with a priority of branch of the heavy industry. To Leningrad in the program of industrialisation of all country the paramount place is taken away. Along with Moscow it becomes the largest centre on preparation of scientific shots and experts in various areas of an economy. To execute decisions of plenums of the Central Committee 1928 and 1929 "About improvement of preparation of new experts" and "About national economy shots" in Leningrad more than ten new branch educational institutes, basically preparing experts of technical trades in the early thirties opens.
Only in 1930-1932 in a city are based: Shipbuilding institute (it is created on the basis of the faculty of Polytechnical institute with the same name; nowadays it is Sea technical university), Military-medical institute, Timber institute (later it is transformed to All-Union timber college), Financial and economic institute (nowadays - University of economy and the finance), a food-processing industry Institute of technology, Institute of chemical physics, Institute of the refrigerating industry; Chemical institute (has opened at University).
If in 1928 in 18 Leningrad high schools 34 000 students next decade in a city functions already more than fifty high schools in which 85 100 persons study were trained. In Academy of sciences (which till 1934 took places in Leningrad) humanists move from now on on minor in comparison with representatives natural and the position exact sciences.

Realisation of a new internal political course results not only in the further swelling of an officialdom, but also unknown growth of employment in the industry and a science. And the need in qualified personnel for promptly extending industrial sector forces the authorities to stop prosecution old spetsov.
The confidential government directive of 1931 ordered to improve the relation to technical intelligency and to raise its financial position. It, in turn, leads to difference increase in payment qualified and nekvalifitsirovannogo. (If to speak about incomes of townspeople and workers of village between them the precipice in general is formed).
However the party considers as the optimum decision of a problem of shots cultivation of new intelligency which would become a product of communistic education, the formation and career entirely obliged to a mode. In this connection to the young experts who have ended high schools in different fields of knowledge (except unless, humanitarian) open possibilities of fast social advancement, are provided more tolerable in comparison with a great bulk of the population living conditions and works. (Especially it concerns those who, anyhow, is connected with strengthening of scientific, economic and defensive potential of the state).

Pursuing the aim - creation of strong domestic scientific and technical base, the government has gone on cancellation at schools and the high schools of experimental techniques of training introduced in 1920th and decrease of a role rabfakov. In 1930th examinations are again entered into an education system, the lecture method of training has returned to high schools (instead of received in 1920th distribution brigadno-laboratory).
By the end 1920 - to the beginning of 1930th in Leningrad (as well as in the majority of big cities of the USSR) cardinally varies the social structure of a society - grows number of workers and technical intelligency.
Exile of Zinoveva both its supporters and appointment in 1926 the secretary Leningrad gubkoma VKP () S.M. Kirov (meaning further provintsializatsiju the former capital) has lowered the status of Leningrad in the opinion of potential migrants, therefore for 2-3 years speed of immigration to Leningrad was slowed down. However to the beginning of 1930th (up to 1935) in a city it is again observed